Figure 6: Allan deviation (square root of Allan variance [23]) as a function of integration time for
several frequency and timing technologies in the Cassini-era. The technology used in precision Doppler
observations for GW searches with Cassini has 
(1000 s) less than 10–15. (Figure courtesy of
Lute Maleki; see also references [10, 11, 22].)
(1000 s) less than 10–15. (Figure courtesy of
Lute Maleki; see also references [10, 11, 22].)