![Figure 5](subsystems-2.png)
Figure 5: Conceptual sketch of signal flow for two-way Cassini observations, with emphasis on
showing which links are affected by specific noise sources. For example, spacecraft buffeting and the
frequency and timing subsystem (FTS) are common to all Doppler links. The Ka-band translator
(KaT) affects only the Ka2 downlink, while the conventional transponder (KEX) affects both the
X-downlink and the Ka1 downlink, etc.