Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society
Volume 2005 (2005), Issue 2, Pages 145-170
doi:10.1155/DDNS.2005.145
Topology in nonlinear extensions of hypernumbers
Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles 90095, CA, USA
Received 9 September 2004
Copyright © 2005 M. S. Burgin. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
Modern theory of dynamical systems is mostly based on nonlinear differential equations and operations. At the same time, the theory of hypernumbers and extrafunctions, a novel approach in functional analysis, has been limited to linear systems. In this paper, nonlinear structures are introduced in spaces of real and complex hypernumbers by extending the concept of a hypernumber. In such a way, linear algebras of extended hypernumbers are built. A special topology of conical neighborhoods in these algebras is introduced and studied. It is proved that the space of all extended real hypernumbers is Hausdorff. This provides uniqueness for limits what is very important for analysis of dynamical systems. It is also proved that construction of extended real
hypernumbers is defined by a definite invariance principle: the space of all extended real hypernumbers is the biggest Hausdorff factorization of the sequential extension of the space of all real numbers with the topology of conical neighborhoods. In addition,
this topology turns the set of all bounded extended real hypernumbers into a topological algebra. Other topologies in spaces of extended hypernumbers are considered.