In this section we discuss models that result when additional constraints are made on the properties of the
fluids. We focus on the modeling of superfluid systems, using as our example the case of superfluid
[61, 94, 110]. The equations describing more complex systems are readily obtained by
generalizing our discussion. We contrast three different descriptions: (i) the model that follows
from the variational framework that has been our prime focus so far if we impose that one
constituent is irrotational, (ii) the potential formulation due to Khalatnikov and collaborators, and
(iii) a “hybrid” formulation which has been used in studies of heavy-ion collisions with broken
symmetries.
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